Trucking bookkeeping has layers that other businesses don’t deal with. You’re tracking income by load, expenses by truck, fuel purchases by state, and miles driven across multiple jurisdictions. Getting it right means setting up systems from day one that capture all the data you need.

Start with income tracking. Every load should be recorded with the customer or broker name, origin, destination, rate, and date. If you’re running multiple trucks, track revenue by unit so you know which trucks are profitable. Factoring companies complicate this since the cash you receive is less than the invoice amount. Record the full invoice as revenue and the factoring fee as an expense.

Expense tracking for trucking breaks into a few major categories. Fuel is the biggest one and needs careful documentation since it ties into IFTA reporting. Maintenance and repairs should be tracked by truck so you can see when a unit is costing more than it earns. Insurance, permits, tolls, and equipment payments round out the regular expenses. Keep everything separated in your accounting software by category and by truck where applicable.

IFTA stands for International Fuel Tax Agreement. It’s how fuel tax gets distributed fairly across states based on where you actually drove. You buy fuel in one state but drive through several others. IFTA makes sure each state gets its share of fuel tax based on miles traveled there, not just where you filled up.

Tracking for IFTA requires two pieces of data: total miles driven in each state or province, and total gallons of fuel purchased in each jurisdiction. Your fuel receipts need to show gallons purchased and location. Many trucking companies use ELD or fleet management software that automatically tracks miles by state, which simplifies this considerably.

Quarterly IFTA returns are due by the last day of the month following each quarter. That means January 31, April 30, July 31, and October 31. Late filing brings penalties and interest. If you drove more miles in states where you bought less fuel, you’ll owe money. If you bought more fuel in high-tax states than your miles there justify, you might get a credit.

Calculate your fleet’s average miles per gallon using total miles divided by total gallons purchased. Then for each state, multiply miles driven by the tax rate and subtract credit for fuel purchased there. The math isn’t complicated but the tracking is tedious if you’re doing it manually.

Per-mile cost calculations matter for profitability. Add up all your expenses for a period and divide by miles driven. Transportation and logistics businesses that don’t know their cost per mile can’t price loads accurately. You might be running loads that lose money without realizing it.

If you have drivers on payroll, that adds another layer. Driver wages, payroll taxes, and benefits need proper tracking and timely filing. A Detroit payroll service can handle the compliance side while you focus on dispatch and operations.

Most trucking companies use a combination of fleet management software for mileage and fuel tracking, and accounting software like QuickBooks for everything else. The fleet software exports reports that feed into your IFTA filings and give your bookkeeper the data needed for accurate financials.

Owner-operators often try to handle this themselves until they realize how much time it takes. Missing IFTA deadlines or filing incorrectly leads to audits and penalties. Messy books mean you can’t tell if you’re actually making money or just moving cash around. Trucking bookkeeping done right tells you exactly where you stand and keeps you compliant with state and federal requirements.